harris
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September 3rd, 2026 at 12:15:35 AM permalink
As a few of you are aware, my main job these days is doing the math for slots. This might surprise some readers as I have only talked about table games during my time in this forum. Despite my new job, I still do not play slot machines, but I have learned a lot about them. Still, I'm only scratching the surface.

Tonight I was wondering if there was anywhere I could read about the history of slot machine design.

Most machines I see have some sort of line pay and then some sort of hold-n-spin jackpot mechanic. Many slots also seem to have a triple pot. I was wondering - how long has it been this way? What are the current trends in the evolution of slot machine design?

From what I understand, slot machines just used to have 1 line, then they generally adopted a 3x5 matrix (with variations of course), invented different types of line pays, and eventually created the holdnspin round which itself birthed the buy-a-bonus concept. I could be wrong - and maybe some important things happened in between the events I described.

Do you think that slot machine evolution will ever slow down or stop? While I don't think that videogames will ever stop being created, some observers have noticed that the industry might run into trouble given that there are already so many existing high-quality video games that people really like. For example I think it's genuinely possible that people will still be playing Buffalo, Huff N Puff, and the dragoin coin one in 2096.
ChumpChange
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September 3rd, 2026 at 1:25:30 AM permalink
Lightning Link machines have been around for over a decade, they have the hold and spins. Dragon link machines have been around for less than a decade and there have been at least 3 generations of them that came out in different years. Phoenix Link just started coming out recently. Those are the machines I focus on for reasons of hand pay odds. There's hundreds of other machines to choose from.

I started on Double Diamond nickel slots a long time ago when old ladies won playing dollar Hay Wire machines. I used to play VBJ for 2 or 4 quarters a hand at uncountable hands per hour. 30 years ago the slots with the 5 reels and 5 paylines were just coming out which most of these Lightning link machines look like; but the casino always tightened up new machines within a month of them being put on the floor and made them unplayable so the crowds to play them disbursed quickly.

Slots made huge gains in presentation in the mid-1990's with new video game technology.

I think the new tax law will be the end of casinos and the casinos will shut down permanently over the next few years.
**************************************************************************************************************************************
Just ran across Vegas Matt breaking in the high limit room at Fontainebleau, and he found Dragon Link machines with a $5 million Grand and a $50K major; denoms are $1, $2, $5, $10, and $25. First up is Panda Magic. The jackpots are only a few cents off the minimums so they are truly the first ones there. They lost $5K in about 15 minutes on $50 spins.
Last edited by: ChumpChange on Sep 3, 2026
harris
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September 3rd, 2026 at 1:41:44 AM permalink
Quote: ChumpChange


I think the new tax law will be the end of casinos and the casinos will shut down permanently over the next few years.
link to original post



I really doubt that but we'll see. Setting a reminder for December 2029.
ChumpChange
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September 3rd, 2026 at 2:00:28 AM permalink
Slot machines make up over 2/3rds of many casino's revenues. Take them out of circulation due to tax requirements, can casinos live on table games alone? Bankrupting every casino in the country seems to be the point. Go play in Canada.
harris
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September 3rd, 2026 at 4:13:43 AM permalink
I don't think that tax requirements will completely end slot machines - that sounds impossible.

And I actually do believe that casinos can survive on table games alone if all slot machines completely disappeared overnight, it would just be a bit less profitable but both players and casinos would adjust to the new reality.
billryan
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September 3rd, 2026 at 4:30:07 AM permalink
If I'm not mistaken, the biggest jackpot on a slot machine when AC opened in the late 1970s was $500. For many years, slot machines were simple three-reel machines you stood at. In the late 90s, Australian-style slots got popular, and casinos added chairs for most machines. Computers enabled machines to be linked, and jackpots grew as a result.
In the year 2000, Monopoly games, Wheel of Fortune, Wolf Run/Bear Run, Life, and Battleship were among the most popular games. Only Wheel of Fortune is easy to find these days. I doubt any of today's popular games will be around in fifty years.
I'm of the opinion that 95% of casinos would shut down without slot revenue
The older I get, the better I recall things that never happened
harris
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September 3rd, 2026 at 5:03:51 AM permalink
Quote: billryan


In the year 2000, Monopoly games, Wheel of Fortune, Wolf Run/Bear Run, Life, and Battleship were among the most popular games. Only Wheel of Fortune is easy to find these days. I doubt any of today's popular games will be around in fifty years.

I'm of the opinion that 95% of casinos would shut down without slot revenue
link to original post



I imagine you're probably right that even popular slot machines don't have an infinite lifespan - did those games in the 2000 have graphics or play elements roughly equivalent to slot machines today? I am wondering if the past 25 years of technical and mathematical innovation are the reason new slots became popular, or if people simply get bored of the same theme.

California manages to sustain dozens of card rooms that don't have a single slot machine, despite the cosmically retarded and costly "third party player" situation.
ChumpChange
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September 3rd, 2026 at 5:07:10 AM permalink
The high limit slots I saw around that time had a $100K payout but you had to take it over 20 years.

From Reddit:
Originally Answered: What happens if I win a million dollars in a casino?
You’ll wait quite a long time - I hope you didn’t have anything else to do. I saw this happen one night when someone hit about a million dollars on the Wheel of Fortune slot. He was sitting at the machine inside a velvet rope when I arrived, and he was still there two hours later.

Before they pay you, they verify that the machine hasn’t been tampered with. This involves getting a representative from the manufacturer to come out to wherever the machine is and verify that the program EPROM hasn’t been altered and that the machine is in full working order - because see that little notice on the glass? “Malfunction voids all plays and pays”? It means what it says. They’ll only pay you if everything is exactly as it should be. If there’s a way to wriggle out of it, they will.

So after the machine is verified and (hopefully) found to be in proper working order, they take you to an office where you sign a W2(G) form so that your greedy Uncle Sam can take a third of your winnings (the US is the only western country that taxes gambling winnings as income) and then you get to read the small print - oh no, you don’t get a check for $1 million. Oh no. They keep it and let you have the interest on it for 25 years. Today you can have this year’s installment - a check for $40,000, less withholding taxes, so let’s say $24,000 - not even enough to buy a decent car. Just hope you don’t die soon, because the day you die the tax on that whole $1M comes due even though you haven’t been paid it yet, and your heirs won’t be happy with you. If there’s a lump sum option and you take it, you’ll be lucky to get $350k after tax, but at least you’ll have it..

Still, with that much money, in future you can afford to fly up and gamble in Canada, where your winnings are tax free. But you’ll never believe that number scrolling across the top of the machines again.
Dieter
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September 3rd, 2026 at 5:43:10 AM permalink
Quote: billryan


In the year 2000, Monopoly games, Wheel of Fortune, Wolf Run/Bear Run, Life, and Battleship were among the most popular games. Only Wheel of Fortune is easy to find these days. I doubt any of today's popular games will be around in fifty years.
I'm of the opinion that 95% of casinos would shut down without slot revenue
link to original post



I played Wolf Run yesterday. It was a modern cabinet, not one of the ancient artifacts.

I don't recall seeing any Wheel of Fortune in the place, so I'm guessing the slot directors still have some influence in game selection.
May the cards fall in your favor.
itsmejeff
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September 3rd, 2026 at 9:02:00 AM permalink
I am just a big dummy who is into this stuff as a hobby (and to destroy the casino industry for being evil, obvs), but the biggest shifts in game design were the telnaes patent and video slots. Ignorant people argue that it was about random numbers, but it was not. Randomized spins preexisted Telnaes. Allowing slots to have "virtual stops" enabled massive wins. The old school digital conversions were still based on the mechanical nature of slots. Telnaes decoupled the reels from the math.

Video reels gave way more options, including multiple reel sets per game. You can have a game that swaps out the entire "standard" reel for a completely different game and bolt on features to increase cover to cost (and expect loss, of course).

Is the future bright? No, I do not think so. The shift to everything being a "buy a pay" is creating horrific distributions. Yeah, old games were bad (pinball 2 coin has 60% of the return in the stupid bonus feature), but the lower bonus frequency and generally low wins on new games angries up the blood for a lot of gamblers. I was in a gambleplace and a gentleman would not stop cursing because his bonus on a $15 bet was only like $75. Boy, was he steamed. He was also old, like most casino goers. You see some kids, but the industry is going to have trouble getting the kids to waste all their money on stupid casino games. I doubt that Uno, Yahtzee, and Battleship are going to do it.

re: perceived persistence. it works significantly better than true persistence. the data is clear. people avoid true persistence when it is in a bad state, but will throw everything in their wallet at a piggy bank "almost ready" to a splode.
DRich
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September 3rd, 2026 at 9:56:54 AM permalink
Quote: itsmejeff

I am just a big dummy who is into this stuff as a hobby (and to destroy the casino industry for being evil, obvs), but the biggest shifts in game design were the telnaes patent and video slots. Ignorant people argue that it was about random numbers, but it was not. Randomized spins preexisted Telnaes. Allowing slots to have "virtual stops" enabled massive wins. The old school digital conversions were still based on the mechanical nature of slots. Telnaes decoupled the reels from the math.



I agree Telnaes was huge and what Williams did introducing the Australian style slots to the U.S. Games like Reel'Em In really transformed the market.
You can't know everything, but you can know anything.
billryan
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September 3rd, 2026 at 10:29:49 AM permalink
It isn't talked about much, but I believe the introduction of seating at every slot changed the ballgame. Standing at a slot machine, smoking a cig and drinking was tiring. I'm not sure when the transition happened, but AC in the late 90s was mostly stand-up slots. The Sands put in a 55-plus section with seated slots, but it was short-lived. The Tropicana had a bank of exercise bike/slot machines but I didn't play them. They also had a bank of Triple Diamond Deluxe with seats that was scarce enough to attract attention from passersby.
Playing while seated changed the player's view of the board and advances in technology allowed ridiculous optics for players enjoyment.
The older I get, the better I recall things that never happened
ChumpChange
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September 3rd, 2026 at 11:39:23 AM permalink
Casinos in the '90's were stingy on comfortable seats to sit in, even if you weren't playing. They went out of their way to have the most uncomfortable seating so you had to sit at a table game to have somewhere comfortable to sit. It's like they hated their players with a vengeance. Old people be stuck there for hours on end with a bus tour and nowhere to take a break.

I found seats at the sit down games like V-BJ, V-craps, and V-roulette, video poker, bingo, V-keno, and the buffet. But if you just wanted a seat to lounge in away from the games, they had a very uncomfortable bench somewhere.

My local casino has a covered outdoor smoking area with slots so it gets cold out there in the winter but they have a fireplace to try to warm the place up. They also have very low comfy backless armless couches to sit on, but they are so low, I can't get out of them.
Last edited by: ChumpChange on Sep 3, 2026
RobertMuir
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September 3rd, 2026 at 6:47:04 PM permalink
Quote: harris

Tonight I was wondering if there was anywhere I could read about the history of slot machine design.
link to original post


I've written a little bit on this topic, but I don't think anything comprehensive exists. I wish it did. You could probably trace a lot of history via patents and trademarks, but it would be a fair bit work.

Quote: harris

Do you think that slot machine evolution will ever slow down or stop? While I don't think that videogames will ever stop being created, some observers have noticed that the industry might run into trouble given that there are already so many existing high-quality video games that people really like.
link to original post


Games have become vastly more complex mathematically, expecially in the last 10-15 years or so, but there's a limit on the complexity of games because you need to explain them to players via the pay table. It will be interesting to see where that goes.
DogHand
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September 4th, 2026 at 6:14:01 AM permalink
Below is a link to "Computerizing Chance: The Digitization of the Slot Machine (1960–1985)", written by C. Turdean and published through the Center for Gaming Research at UNLV.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=web&rct=j&url=https://oasis.library.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1006%26context%3Docc_papers&ved=2ahUKEwi1297n_9SWAxWDv4kEHQWTKCAQy_kOegYIAAgLEAI&opi=89978449&cd&psig=AOvVaw2OglJ3ptJRXCDNPmAxwhOi&ust=1788613810474000

Hope this helps!

Dog Hand
itsmejeff
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September 4th, 2026 at 6:38:54 AM permalink
Quote: RobertMuir

I've written a little bit on this topic, but I don't think anything comprehensive exists. I wish it did. You could probably trace a lot of history via patents and trademarks, but it would be a fair bit work.


"Fair bit of work" undersells it. "slot machine" originally referred to anything with a coin slot, including vending and other novelty machines.
"slot machine" @pd<="18980101"
does not return Leo Canda's patent, but
slot machine @pd<="18980101"
would.

And even modern stuff does not include "slot machine." If it aint assigned to a major company, it can be a bear to find.
Quote: DogHand

Below is a link to "Computerizing Chance: The Digitization of the Slot Machine (1960–1985)", written by C. Turdean and published through the Center for Gaming Research at UNLV.
link to original post

For those interested in early digital games, this guy has a Summit conversion and he goes through the components.
smoothgrh
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September 4th, 2026 at 8:53:11 AM permalink
Charles Fey FTW!

Here’s a pic of the building where his workshop was located.
Last edited by: smoothgrh on Sep 4, 2026
ChumpChange
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September 4th, 2026 at 10:28:17 AM permalink
The slot machines on the old TV shows of the 1970's seem ridiculously dated, like something from the 1950's. Looking for 3 lemons to show up. I played one slot in 1981 or so and won 80 credits on the 3X triple bars. So they were going electronic instead of just electro-mechanical back then. There were digital credits on the screen, but the nickels paid out immediately and it would say how many nickels it paid out as it was paying out. There was also a credit meter for when you put in $10, and a cash-out button (no TITO.)
DRich
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September 4th, 2026 at 6:25:57 PM permalink
Quote: ChumpChange

The slot machines on the old TV shows of the 1970's seem ridiculously dated, like something from the 1950's. Looking for 3 lemons to show up. I played one slot in 1981 or so and won 80 credits on the 3X triple bars. So they were going electronic instead of just electro-mechanical back then. There were digital credits on the screen, but the nickels paid out immediately and it would say how many nickels it paid out as it was paying out. There was also a credit meter for when you put in $10, and a cash-out button (no TITO.)
link to original post



I would be very surprised if there was a bill acceptor on the slot in 1981. From what I remember they didn't really start getting popular until the 1990's.
You can't know everything, but you can know anything.
DRich
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September 4th, 2026 at 6:30:26 PM permalink
Quote: harris

As a few of you are aware, my main job these days is doing the math for slots.



That is awesome. It doesn't seem like all that long ago that you were asking questions here about getting into that line of work.
You can't know everything, but you can know anything.
harris
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September 4th, 2026 at 6:41:47 PM permalink
Quote: DRich


That is awesome. It doesn't seem like all that long ago that you were asking questions here about getting into that line of work.
link to original post



Thanks ;) Glad I asked and glad I took that gamble
heatmap
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September 4th, 2026 at 7:18:31 PM permalink
ive been querying chat gpt about this particular subject for years... and am seeing how fast you guys catch up... im so so sorry ... my contribution to this thread is a man named Michael Pace. He invented the Pot O Gold Electronic Pull table machine. Go ahead and tell me it isnt a slot machine.
ChumpChange
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September 4th, 2026 at 7:20:22 PM permalink
AI wrote: Query - "Bill Acceptors in Slot Machines in the Early 1980s"
In the early 1980s, bill acceptors were still a relatively new feature on slot machines, having been introduced in the late 1970s as part of the shift from coin/token play to paper currency. At that time, they were often side-mounted rather than built into the cabinet, and had to be retro-fitted onto older machines
.
How They Worked
A bill acceptor is a mechanical and electronic device that reads and verifies currency before accepting it. In the 1980s, the technology was based on magnetic head readers and optical sensors that scanned the bill’s dimensions, ink patterns, and magnetic properties . The machine compared these readings to a stored database of valid currency templates. If the bill didn’t match exactly, it would be rejected and returned to the player.

Early 1980s Context
Novelty and adoption: Bill acceptors were still considered a new innovation, so not all casinos or bars had them. They were more common in larger casinos and newer installations .
Design: Side-mounted units were typical, with a slot for the bill and internal mechanisms to transport and verify it. They often had a small display or indicator showing the accepted denomination.

Maintenance: Like modern acceptors, early 1980s units could be affected by dirty sensors, worn bills, or new bill designs with security threads that older firmware couldn’t recognize

Integration: On older machines, the acceptor hardware had to be added to the cabinet, and the software had to be updated to handle the new currency formats.

Decline and Replacement
By the mid-to-late 1980s, as slot machines became more standardized, built-in bill acceptors replaced the side-mounted versions. This change allowed for more compact designs and better integration with the machine’s control system.

In summary: In the early 1980s, slot machine bill acceptors were a cutting-edge feature, often side-mounted, using magnetic and optical verification. They were still in the early stages of adoption, with ongoing technical challenges, but they marked a major step toward the paper currency play that became standard in later decades.
********************************************************************
A History of Slot Machines: from 1891 to 2026 (very brief)
https://www.slotmachines.com/slot-machine-history/
Dieter
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September 4th, 2026 at 7:33:02 PM permalink
Quote: heatmap

ive been querying chat gpt about this particular subject for years... and am seeing how fast you guys catch up... im so so sorry ... my contribution to this thread is a man named Michael Pace. He invented the Pot O Gold Electronic Pull table machine. Go ahead and tell me it isnt a slot machine.
link to original post



"Skills", Cherrymasters, 8 liners, NCG's, and Pace-o-matics... are all slots, IMO.

Nevada compliant isn't the only game in town. I don't think it ever was.
May the cards fall in your favor.
RobertMuir
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September 5th, 2026 at 1:13:18 AM permalink
Quote: itsmejeff

Quote: RobertMuir

I've written a little bit on this topic, but I don't think anything comprehensive exists. I wish it did. You could probably trace a lot of history via patents and trademarks, but it would be a fair bit work.


"Fair bit of work" undersells it. "slot machine" originally referred to anything with a coin slot, including vending and other novelty machines.


I can't actually see anyone doing it. Its not exactly difficult, but would be a lot of work and who's got the time.

The advantage of patents is they are a public record you can access, and there's not much else. But they are incomplete and misleading, and tortuous going though them
RobertMuir
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September 5th, 2026 at 1:21:09 AM permalink
This report may be of interest to the people here, its on the state of the online gaming market in 2025.

  • 16,541 new games launched
  • 65,108 unique games found
  • 2,102 suppliers on the database and 1,076 studios found (+25%)
https://egamingmonitor.com/casino-review-2025-report.pdf
DRich
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September 5th, 2026 at 4:22:16 AM permalink
Quote: heatmap

ive been querying chat gpt about this particular subject for years... and am seeing how fast you guys catch up... im so so sorry ... my contribution to this thread is a man named Michael Pace. He invented the Pot O Gold Electronic Pull table machine. Go ahead and tell me it isnt a slot machine.
link to original post



Pot O'Gold introduced many states to slot machines. I remember seeing them all over the South in the 1990's before the tribes had compacts with the states.
You can't know everything, but you can know anything.
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