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ThatDonGuy
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February 22nd, 2024 at 4:33:03 PM permalink
Quote: Wizard

What is the limit as x approaches 0, of ln(1-x)/sin(x)?
link to original post



Apply L'Hopital's Rule:

d/dx of ln (1-x) = -1 / (1-x)
d/dx of sin x = cos x
The answer is the limit as x approaches 0 of -1 / ((1 - x) cos x) = -1

Wizard
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February 22nd, 2024 at 5:11:37 PM permalink
Quote: ThatDonGuy



Apply L'Hopital's Rule:

d/dx of ln (1-x) = -1 / (1-x)
d/dx of sin x = cos x
The answer is the limit as x approaches 0 of -1 / ((1 - x) cos x) = -1


link to original post



I agree!

L'Hopital's Rule would have been an applicable rule in the Mean Girls calculus competition.


Direct: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDAKKQuBtDo
"For with much wisdom comes much sorrow." -- Ecclesiastes 1:18 (NIV)
DogHand
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February 23rd, 2024 at 2:00:47 AM permalink
Quote: Wizard

Quote: ThatDonGuy



Apply L'Hopital's Rule:

d/dx of ln (1-x) = -1 / (1-x)
d/dx of sin x = cos x
The answer is the limit as x approaches 0 of -1 / ((1 - x) cos x) = -1


link to original post



I agree!

L'Hopital's Rule would have been an applicable rule in the Mean Girls calculus competition.


Direct: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDAKKQuBtDo
link to original post



Wiz,

Speaking of L'Hopital, (or more correctly, L'Hôpital), how would you like to have the "correct" spelling of your name changed retroactively?

Back when I took calculus, we spelled his name "L'Hospital" (which is how he himself spelled his name) and generally referred to him jokingly as "the Hospital guy".

According to Wikipedia:

"In the 17th and 18th centuries, the name was commonly spelled "l'Hospital", and he himself spelled his name that way. Since then, French spellings have changed: the silent 's' has been removed and replaced with a circumflex over the preceding vowel."

This whole "change the spelling" business reminds me of an old Dolton Edwards science fiction short story, "Meihem in ce Klasrum": read it here.

Dog Hand
Wizard
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February 23rd, 2024 at 4:18:57 AM permalink
Quote: DogHand

Wiz,

Speaking of L'Hopital, (or more correctly, L'Hôpital), how would you like to have the "correct" spelling of your name changed retroactively?

Back when I took calculus, we spelled his name "L'Hospital" (which is how he himself spelled his name) and generally referred to him jokingly as "the Hospital guy".

According to Wikipedia:

"In the 17th and 18th centuries, the name was commonly spelled "l'Hospital", and he himself spelled his name that way. Since then, French spellings have changed: the silent 's' has been removed and replaced with a circumflex over the preceding vowel."

This whole "change the spelling" business reminds me of an old Dolton Edwards science fiction short story, "Meihem in ce Klasrum": read it here.

Dog Hand
link to original post



Nobody has ever asked me that before. I think I favor changing the spelling to conform with the way language changes.
"For with much wisdom comes much sorrow." -- Ecclesiastes 1:18 (NIV)
gerback123
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February 27th, 2024 at 2:47:19 PM permalink
In the state lottery, a person selects a 3 digit number and wins $500 if that number is drawn from a box containing tickets labeled 000,···,999. If it costs $1 to play the game, what is the player's expected gain?
If 1000 people play the game each day, find the state lottery expected gain and describe its distribution?

Let S denote the state lottery total gain in 100 days, assuming that 1000 people play on each day.
Find ν:= E(S) and a value of c for which P {ν − c < S ≤ ν + c} ≈ .95
ChesterDog
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gerback123
February 27th, 2024 at 6:10:10 PM permalink

The player's expected gain on a $1 ticket is exactly -$0.50. (That's 0.001 * 499.00 + 0.999 * (-1.00).)

If 1000 people play the lottery each day, the state lottery's expected gain is 1000 * $0.50 = $500 per day. If the people select their numbers randomly (or if the lottery assigns the numbers randomly), the distribution of the lottery's gain per day is a binomial distribution with a standard deviation of 500 * sqrt(1000 * 0.001 * 0.999) ≈ $499.75.

S, the lottery's total gain in 100 days at 1000 tickets per day, would have the same distribution as selling 100,000 tickets. The distribution for S would be a binomial distribution with a standard deviation of 500 * sqrt(100,000 * 0.001 * 0.999) ≈ $4,997.50.

To find the value of c, I would use a normal distribution with mean of $50,000 and standard deviation of $4,997.50. I find that c is about 1.96 * $4,997.50 ≈ $9,795.

Edit: S would have to be a multiple of $500, so a better distribution to use would be Poisson's. I find that with c = 19 * $5,000 = $9,500, Poisson's distribution gives P {ν − c < S ≤ ν + c} = 94.9%.

Another edit: Better yet, we can use the binomial distribution directly with n = trials = 100*1000 and p = probability of success = 1 / 1000 to get c = $9,500. The probability of having fewer than 120 winners but more 80 is 94.9% as in the Poisson result.

(I welcome any corrections to my answers.)
Last edited by: ChesterDog on Feb 28, 2024
gerback123
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February 28th, 2024 at 9:11:48 AM permalink
You're very close to what I had
Answers: −$0.50; 500; 1000 − 500X, where X ∼ Poisson(λ = 1)
Since
P {v - c < S <= v + c} = P{|S - v| / 5000 <= 5000 }
and the upper 0.025 quantile of N(0,1) is about 1.96, we have
c/5000 = 1.96 which is c=9800
Wizard
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March 4th, 2024 at 4:44:27 PM permalink
Quote: chevy




I think it does have to be with the three circles symmetric about the diagonal.
Start with two circles stacked on top (e.g. 2&3 in my pic) - need square of height 4r=4*1=4
then rotate the three circle arrangement counterclockwise, the height gets smaller
Eventually when you cross the diagonal the width starts to get wider until the case where two circles are side by side (1&3 in my pic).....so square is 4r = 4 wide.

That is process is symmetric, so the midpoint is the min.....(unless it hits a min, increases to the diagonal, then back to a min, before increasing to the max).....Handwaving says it isn't.

Then


Green diagonal at 45 degrees above horizontal
red equilateral triangle connecting centers has side 2r = 2 and lower side is at 30 degrees below green. Or 15 degrees above orange dashed line

Orange dashed line is (red side) * cos(15) = 2 cos(15)


half angle formula....
cos(15)= sqrt((1+cos(30))/2) = sqrt ( (1+ sqrt(3)/2)/2) = sqrt((2+sqrt(3))/4) = sqrt(2+sqrt(3)) / 2

So orange dashed = sqrt(2+sqrt(3))

and width of square is

black + orange dashed + black
1+sqrt(2+sqrt(3))+1


2+sqrt(2+sqrt(3)) or about 3.93185165258


PS: I am embarrassed just how sloppy this is, but a it is an attempt


link to original post



I finally got back to this one and agree. Very clever solution. Mine was much more complicated and error prone.

Here is my solution (PDF), which is the same as Chevy's. Note that I express is without the cosine function.
Last edited by: Wizard on Mar 4, 2024
"For with much wisdom comes much sorrow." -- Ecclesiastes 1:18 (NIV)
chevy
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March 4th, 2024 at 6:37:16 PM permalink
Quote: Wizard

Quote: chevy




I think it does have to be with the three circles symmetric about the diagonal.
Start with two circles stacked on top (e.g. 2&3 in my pic) - need square of height 4r=4*1=4
then rotate the three circle arrangement counterclockwise, the height gets smaller
Eventually when you cross the diagonal the width starts to get wider until the case where two circles are side by side (1&3 in my pic).....so square is 4r = 4 wide.

That is process is symmetric, so the midpoint is the min.....(unless it hits a min, increases to the diagonal, then back to a min, before increasing to the max).....Handwaving says it isn't.

Then


Green diagonal at 45 degrees above horizontal
red equilateral triangle connecting centers has side 2r = 2 and lower side is at 30 degrees below green. Or 15 degrees above orange dashed line

Orange dashed line is (red side) * cos(15) = 2 cos(15)


half angle formula....
cos(15)= sqrt((1+cos(30))/2) = sqrt ( (1+ sqrt(3)/2)/2) = sqrt((2+sqrt(3))/4) = sqrt(2+sqrt(3)) / 2

So orange dashed = sqrt(2+sqrt(3))

and width of square is

black + orange dashed + black
1+sqrt(2+sqrt(3))+1


2+sqrt(2+sqrt(3)) or about 3.93185165258


PS: I am embarrassed just how sloppy this is, but a it is an attempt


link to original post



I finally got back to this one and agree. Very clever solution. Mine was much more complicated and error prone.

Here is my solution (PDF), which is the same as Chevy's. Note that I express is without the cosine function.
link to original post





That means

mine =?= yours
sqrt(2+sqrt(3)) = (sqrt(6) + sqrt(2))/2
2+sqrt(3) = (6 + 2sqrt(12) + 2)/4
2+sqrt(3) = (8 + 4sqrt(3))/4
2+sqrt(3) = 2+sqrt(3)

YEP, checks out.....though I don't see a simplification I remember from algebra that converts one to the other.

gerback123
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March 4th, 2024 at 6:53:21 PM permalink
Here's a joint probability density function (PDF) problem:
Let fX,Y(x,y) be the joint PDF of two random variables X and Y, defined as follows:

fX,Y(x,y) = {cxy^2 for 0< x < 1 and 0< y < 2
{0 otherwise

Find the constant c such that fX,Y(x,y) is a valid joint PDF.
Then, compute the marginal PDFs of X and Y, denoted as fX(x) and fY(y), respectively.
Finally, compute P(X < 0.5 and Y > 1).

Jimmy2Times
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March 5th, 2024 at 3:47:35 PM permalink
If assistance is needed in solving this problem I would suggest: Montgomery, D. C & Runger, G. C. (1999) Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers, Section 6-3 (pages 218 - 224) - the steps are nicely shown and explained for this type of problem.
I 'm gonna go get the papers, get the papers.
Gialmere
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March 14th, 2024 at 5:01:24 AM permalink

Presenting a plethora of pi perplexities...


Pictured above are three identical boxes packed with pies.

Which box contains the most pie?


Assume all pies are the same height.


You have a pizza with crust thickness 'a' and radius 'z'.

What's the volume of the pizza?


Assume a perfect, flat circle.


P = ?
I = ?
E= ?


Riddle me this Rebus riddle.


For those of you with some time on this Pi Day, try solving this sudoku. The rules are the same as regular sudoku except...

--The grid is 12x12.

--Each row, column, and colored block contains the first 12 digits of pi

3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5 8

in some order. In particular, there are two 1s, one 2, two 3s, one 4, three 5s, one 6, no 7s one 8, and one 9.


Illustrated above is a quarter-circle, containing two semicircles of smaller circles.

Prove that the red segment has the same area as the blue.

Have you tried 22 tonight? I said 22.
gerback123
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March 14th, 2024 at 5:43:56 AM permalink
Solution to my earlier problem
chevy
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Gialmere
March 14th, 2024 at 6:51:23 AM permalink
picking the low hanging fruit


all the same
if D is side of box
(pi/4) D^2 = 4 * (pi/4) (D/2)^2 = 16 * (pi/4) (D/4)^2



pizza volume = pizza




PIE = 169
sqrt(16) + 9 = 4+9 = 13 = sqrt(169)



?? pi-rate = pirate ??




Call the side of the big quarter circle = r

Area of quarter circle = (1/4) pi * r^2
Area of small semicircle = (1/2) pi (r/2)^2 = (1/8) pi * r^2

Then (area of quarter circle = { 2 * area of semicircle - BlueArea } + RedArea ...... (blue is counted twice in semicircles, so take one out)

(1/4) pi * r^2 = {2 * (1/8) pi * r^2 - BlueArea } + RedArea
0= - BlueArea + RedArea
BlueArea=RedArea

Last edited by: chevy on Mar 14, 2024
Gialmere
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March 14th, 2024 at 4:28:41 PM permalink
Quote: chevy

picking the low hanging fruit


all the same
if D is side of box
(pi/4) D^2 = 4 * (pi/4) (D/2)^2 = 16 * (pi/4) (D/4)^2



pizza volume = pizza




PIE = 169
sqrt(16) + 9 = 4+9 = 13 = sqrt(169)



?? pi-rate = pirate ??




Call the side of the big quarter circle = r

Area of quarter circle = (1/4) pi * r^2
Area of small semicircle = (1/2) pi (r/2)^2 = (1/8) pi * r^2

Then (area of quarter circle = { 2 * area of semicircle - BlueArea } + RedArea ...... (blue is counted twice in semicircles, so take one out)

(1/4) pi * r^2 = {2 * (1/8) pi * r^2 - BlueArea } + RedArea
0= - BlueArea + RedArea
BlueArea=RedArea


link to original post


Correct!

Well done.
---------------------------------------------

...it would never end.

Backwards

Cake
Have you tried 22 tonight? I said 22.
terapined
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Gialmere
March 14th, 2024 at 5:24:18 PM permalink
Quote: Gialmere

Quote: chevy

picking the low hanging fruit


all the same
if D is side of box
(pi/4) D^2 = 4 * (pi/4) (D/2)^2 = 16 * (pi/4) (D/4)^2



pizza volume = pizza




PIE = 169
sqrt(16) + 9 = 4+9 = 13 = sqrt(169)



?? pi-rate = pirate ??




Call the side of the big quarter circle = r

Area of quarter circle = (1/4) pi * r^2
Area of small semicircle = (1/2) pi (r/2)^2 = (1/8) pi * r^2

Then (area of quarter circle = { 2 * area of semicircle - BlueArea } + RedArea ...... (blue is counted twice in semicircles, so take one out)

(1/4) pi * r^2 = {2 * (1/8) pi * r^2 - BlueArea } + RedArea
0= - BlueArea + RedArea
BlueArea=RedArea


link to original post


Correct!

Well done.
---------------------------------------------

...it would never end.

Backwards

Cake

link to original post


Love Chuck Jokes
Chuck doesn't do push ups, he pushes the earth down
He can judge a book by its cover
He doesn't sleep, he waits
When he jumps in the water, he doesn't get wet, the water gets Chuck Norris
Chuck counted to infinity, twice
Chuck can divide by zero
DogHand
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Gialmere
March 16th, 2024 at 12:06:28 PM permalink
Pi-Doku Answer




That was fun!

Dog Hand
Gialmere
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March 17th, 2024 at 11:11:24 PM permalink
Quote: DogHand

Pi-Doku Answer




That was fun!

Dog Hand
link to original post


Correct!!

Well done. (As a bonus, you have now memorized the first 12 digits of pi. Watch the girls in the math club swoon.)

Consider Dog Hand's response to be official.
------------------------------------------

Magnum PI

Fat. You get fat.

I've heard them all like 3.14 million times already.
Have you tried 22 tonight? I said 22.
rackuun
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March 18th, 2024 at 8:57:14 AM permalink
I don't know if this one was posted before:

There are N people in a room. For any pair of people in the room, the two of them are either friends with each other or not. Friendship is always reciprocal and people cannot be friends with themselves. Prove there are at least two people in the room who have the same number of room-friends.
aceside
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March 18th, 2024 at 9:31:46 AM permalink
If N=2, they are either friends or not. There are at least two people who have the same number of room-friends.

When N=n, we assume there are at least 2m people who have the same number, x, of room-friends.

By math deduction, when N=n+1, ….

Last edited by: aceside on Mar 18, 2024
ThatDonGuy
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March 18th, 2024 at 4:37:08 PM permalink
Quote: rackuun

I don't know if this one was posted before:

There are N people in a room. For any pair of people in the room, the two of them are either friends with each other or not. Friendship is always reciprocal and people cannot be friends with themselves. Prove there are at least two people in the room who have the same number of room-friends.
link to original post



Assume that each person has a different number of friends.
This is possible only if one has no friends, one has 1 friend, one has 2 friends, and so on, with the last one having N-1 friends.
This means the person with N-1 friends is friends with everyone else in the room, which is impossible as the person with no friends is not friends with this person.
Therefore, the assumption that each person has a different number of friends is false.

rackuun
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March 18th, 2024 at 6:50:06 PM permalink
Quote: ThatDonGuy

Quote: rackuun

I don't know if this one was posted before:

There are N people in a room. For any pair of people in the room, the two of them are either friends with each other or not. Friendship is always reciprocal and people cannot be friends with themselves. Prove there are at least two people in the room who have the same number of room-friends.
link to original post



Assume that each person has a different number of friends.
This is possible only if one has no friends, one has 1 friend, one has 2 friends, and so on, with the last one having N-1 friends.
This means the person with N-1 friends is friends with everyone else in the room, which is impossible as the person with no friends is not friends with this person.
Therefore, the assumption that each person has a different number of friends is false.


link to original post



👍 Nice
aceside
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March 19th, 2024 at 11:33:00 AM permalink
I tried to prove this statement by mathematical induction but could not. This part is confusing:

If N=2 and they are not friends, is this true that there are at least two people who have the same number, 0, of room-friends?
Wizard
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March 25th, 2024 at 7:58:03 PM permalink
The question was asked in this post on the average number of spins to see every number appear at least twice in double-zero roulette?


234.8326629288898



Integrate from 0 to infinity of 1-(1-exp(-x/38)*(1+x/38))^38 dx

Recommended integral calculator: https://www.integral-calculator.com/
"For with much wisdom comes much sorrow." -- Ecclesiastes 1:18 (NIV)
ThatDonGuy
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March 26th, 2024 at 5:59:55 PM permalink
Quote: Wizard

The question was asked in this post on the average number of spins to see every number appear at least twice in double-zero roulette?


234.8326629288898



Integrate from 0 to infinity of 1-(1-exp(-x/38)*(1+x/38))^38 dx

Recommended integral calculator: https://www.integral-calculator.com/

link to original post



The exact answer, calculated through a Markov chain process, is

2,458,532,792
,431,545,299,268,331,086,172,570,342,312,718,399,986,188,067
,613,993,736,050,899,703,294,263,621,414,373,376,335,532,123
,938,814,367,114,586,068,064,224,623,137,338,487,255,215,140
,008,621,838,160,580,491,305,106,138,247,464,350,795,459,486
,531,836,562,054,491,448,024,234,478,387,675,642,506,165,051
,266,071,873,671,771,900,922,226,332,086,888,171,157,513,993
,773,263,459,648,019,582,058,157,468,484,735,864,723,796,556
,010,777,275,053,180,121,803,203,922,520,306,071,448,436,764
,103,411,971,842,531,832,013,580,185,101,482,792,146,107,877
,371,534,984,353,278,390,414,808,452,594,198,307,228,367,261
over 10,469,296
,569,600,366,313,766,776,904,675,214,787,660,719,539,249,122
,838,110,753,732,469,863,621,352,350,201,672,413,287,522,823
,017,184,089,776,680,121,455,346,561,472,842,277,765,179,834
,313,091,454,122,181,241,307,952,873,173,734,004,633,490,787
,983,474,048,654,417,920,804,096,222,705,207,398,226,915,954
,866,956,131,936,567,944,994,893,548,485,765,436,847,000,729
,947,022,400,734,253,517,093,794,023,492,037,172,521,077,848
,152,918,335,557,895,072,383,721,878,928,916,078,101,947,708
,069,094,178,209,223,588,432,334,788,347,805,884,617,850,880
,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

which is about 234.83266292891, although I am not sure how many decimal places of accuracy Visual C# floating point division has

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